Learning curve

Over
the last three decades, attorney and school board member Rob Brown has served
on the boards of dozens of arts, cultural, and civic organizations. Even
Rochester Mayor William Johnson, who often differs with Brown on school
district matters, calls him “a rare person, a public servant.”

            Many disagree with Brown’s positions
on issues, but few doubt his sincerity. Especially when the subject is urban
education. His sons graduated from Rochester city schools and his wife teaches
at East High School.

            Strong willed and opinionated, Brown
is popular with many voters — and is a controversial topic among some
important Democrats. Brown’s support of former Schools Superintendent Clifford
Janey drew sharp criticism from Mayor Johnson. So has his insistence that the
school district needs more money. (Countering Johnson’s phrase that the
district must “live within its means,” Brown responds: “The means must cover
the needs.”)

            As part of our 2003 election
coverage, City interviewed Brown
recently on a variety of issues facing the school district, including parental
involvement, middle-income flight from the city, and School Board and
administrative oversight in the district. In this week’s installment, we begin
by asking Brown about the current emphasis on testing.

City:Across the country, as George Bush insists
on more testing, many people have said teachers are teaching to the test, often
at the expense of real education.

            Brown: I have been
told, but I don’t know because I am not an educator — and I dare say most of
the commentators on this issue do not know — that the Regents level tests in
New York and many other states, because of the requirement that people explain
their work, make it very difficult to teach to the test.

            If teaching to the test means you
work with a set of educational principles, that, for example, in writing,
assume you have a subject, assume you have a paragraph structure that’s
appropriate, assume you have a sentence structure, then I think you’re going to
learn when you “teach to that test.” What has happened is the resistance to
high-stakes testing, which I think is in part a natural outcome of the fact
that most of us don’t like to compete with one another.

            This is argued rhetorically by
talking about things like “teaching to the test.” The quality of education, at
least in our school system, is very high. It’s very hard for a teacher to teach
to the test. I think the Regents tests, as we saw with the Math A and Physics
tests, need to be more closely aligned with the curriculum.

            City:The state doesn’t seem to want to face the
fact that the tests are out of sync. I know one official resigned…

            Brown: Somebody was
sacrificed.

            City:But the head of education, Commissioner
Richard Mills, doesn’t want to take responsibility for it. Apparently the
Physics exam was so difficult that some students around the state are choosing
not to take Physics because it might ruin their averages.

            Brown: Isn’t that
silly? You have something wrong when that’s the case. It has to be the case
that either the test is not aligned to the curriculum or the grading does not
appropriately reflect the abilities of the child who takes the test. In either
case the answer is easy: You have to align the test to the curriculum or make
sure that your grading is done reasonably. I don’t think that argues for
wholesale rejection of Regents testing.

            I also don’t think there’s any
particular reason to embrace high-stakes testing as a panacea to educational
issues. It’s a clever ruse by this non-education-oriented administration in
Washington to try to limit the amount of money they put into education by
knocking schools off that don’t perform.

            City:Are public hearings on things like the
Regents tests truly public hearings or are they, in effect, an opportunity for
district insiders to talk?

            Brown: One of the
things about public hearings that you discover quickly when you’re in public
life is that the people who show up are either running for some office and want
to pontificate, or they’re people on extreme sides of the issue. It’s not very
likely that the single parent holding down two jobs and trying to cook dinner
in between them for her children before she delivers them to their grandmother
to take care of them is going to have the time to go to a hearing for the sake
of either putting in a moderate comment or intellectual enlightenment. I think
hearings are a legitimate attempt by public officials to hear what people have
to say.

            City: How important is it to maintain art and
music programs at a time of budgets cuts?

            Brown: I would
answer by asking another question. Why is it that a poor child in the city
shouldn’t have art and music?

            City: If the budget must be balanced what
programs can be cut?

            Brown: I prefer not
to think of budgets in broad categories. I think what we need to do to deal
with the budget crisis that the Bush-Pataki economy has forced on us is to look
at the individual year and to try to figure out how to deal with that year. We
don’t have the ability to provide multi-year budgeting because there is, in
fact, no educational formula in New York. It’s all made up after the
legislature decides how much money you’re going to get in its negotiations with
the governor. That makes for a totally ad-hoc process where you have to look at
budgeting year by year.

City:You’ve talked about the right of students to
a “Brighton-quality education.” How do we achieve that?

            Brown: First we have
to galvanize community resources to help us improve the level of parenting.
Then we have to make our instructional programs more rigorous than they are
anywhere else, so we can help to overcome more of the effects of grinding
poverty and attitudes that do not seek to exploit the system. We have to
convince our families and our children that they have a 12-year period that
we’re giving them free of charge to suck everything out of Western civilization
that they can use. And I say Western civilization because that’s what works in
the economic and social mainstream of the United States of America.

            City: Does your
emphasis on Western civilization mean you are not a believer in
multiculturalism?

            Brown: I am
absolutely for multicultural education. I think one of the most important
trends in the US has been the accommodation, the acceptance, and embracing of
cultures of all nations. It’s what makes this country strong. It’s what makes
us a powerful economic leader in the world. The fact that we are able to adapt
better than other people to other cultures is one of the greatest strengths of
the US.

            City:Do you have any ideas about how to keep
middle and upper-income families from fleeing the city school district?

            Brown: Not all of
them do. My kids went through city schools. My kids had friends. They stayed
and a lot of them are middle class and upper-middle class people, and there are
an awful lot of highly educated people who have their children in city school
because they believe that’s what’s best for them, which is what we did.

            We need to show people that the
education in the city is superior. We made that decision and our children have
been very successful. What we have to do is confront the issues of racism and
classism that foster the situation that many people do not wish to go to school
with black and Hispanic and poor kids. I think that’s what’s at the root of
this; I don’t think you’re talking about an inadequate school system.

City:I want to ask a few questions about
accountability. When people see a story in the paper, like the one about the
approval of tenure for a teacher involved with drugs, what are they to think
about the oversight of the district?

            Brown: They think
we’re incompetent. But, we corrected it. If it happened at Kodak nobody would
ever hear of it.

            City:So, it’s a big enough system that
occasionally something will go wrong?

            Brown: Of course.
And it’s more fun to write about something like that than to think about what
you’re writing.

            City:Do poor performers get shuffled into
administrative positions instead of fired?

            Brown: One of the
issues that we deal with in the district is uniquely difficult: the issue of
tenure and union rights. In most businesses in New York employees are “at
will,” so somebody can come in and say, congratulations, this is your last day.
Here’s your gold watch or not. In organizations where almost all of the people
are covered by collective bargaining and covered by state tenure requirements,
it becomes significantly more difficult to deal with personnel issues in a
summary or efficient fashion. One of the trade-offs of a system that protects
people is it makes the system less efficient.

            City:Within that system, can more be done to
ensure quality?

            Brown: When Shirley
Thompson became president of the board and Joanne Giuffrida became head of
human resources for the city school district, we ended up with the very best
people in both jobs. Joanne Giuffrida is one of the most talented, professional
HR administrators I have ever met. She comes to the job with experience as HR
director of the County of Monroe and the Rush Henrietta School District. So she
knows both large governmental organizational issues and school district issues,
and I am confident that as she assembles her team, we will end up with an HR
department that, within the limits of human accuracy, will deal with HR issues
in an appropriate and effective manner.

            I don’t know what else I can say.
We’ve got a lot of employees, and some of them get it wrong sometimes and then
their supervisors also get it wrong sometimes.

            City:Over the years there have been allegations
of cronyism in the district — keeping positions open for friends.

            Brown: I think it
happens. The book Impossible Job that
Howard Fuller put together [about the difficulty of being a superintendent]
talks about employment being one of the big issues in urban education, and I
don’t think our district is terribly different. I think it’s a natural danger
in political systems. I don’t think it’s an unavoidable problem. I think it’s
something that we can, in fact, deal with.

City:Is the board overworked? Is it involved in
too much?

            Brown: Yes.

            City:Could the workload be reduced?

            Brown: Yes.

            City:How do you go about getting more people to
care about education?

            Brown: You have to
mount a continuous, unremitting, informational, educational, and experiential
campaign that brings people into contact with other individuals so they can
view them as people.

            The most difficult thing in
convincing people outside the city to support Rochester city schools is the Us
vs. Them culture that provides so much of the fodder for the daily press. As
long as you can keep saying, “Look what those horrible others did, aren’t we
glad we are not anywhere near them?” and say that with impunity, without having
people be introduced to the others as human beings, I think you are going to
suffer that problem.

This article appears in Sep 24-30, 2003.